bmsc exosome  (Exosome Diagnostics)

Journal: Discover Nano

Article Title: Biomimetic nanovesicles and nanotechnology for oral and maxillofacial diseases

doi: 10.1186/s11671-026-04585-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Formation and classification of BNVs. BNVs include EVs and ANVs. EVs mainly include exosomes, microvesicles, and ApoEVs. ANVs are divided into CNVs, CMNVs, and PVs. a Exosomes are derived from early endosomes, which are formed via cellular endocytosis, and these early endosomes mature into late endosomes within the Golgi complex, subsequently transforming into MVBs harboring intraluminal vesicles. Ultimately, MVBs are either sent to the lysosome for degradation or fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing intraluminal vesicles as exosomes into the extracellular environment. b Microvesicles are formed through a regulated release from the plasma membrane via outward budding/cleavage. c ApoEVs are formed by cell membrane blebbing, apoptotic membrane protrusion formation, and the eventual segmentation. d CNVs consist of complete intracellular substance. The parental cells are usually sonicated and then sequentially extruded through membrane filters with stepwise smaller pore sizes. e CMNVs remains only the membrane structure and function of the parental cells. The cells are first lysed to remove their contents, and then the obtained pure membranes are processed and passed through membrane filters with different gradient pore sizes. f PVs are composed of polymeric materials. By dissolving selected polymers in an appropriate solvent to form a polymer solution, the solution can be converted into vesicle structures using suitable methods such as the film method, solvent evaporation method, or self-assembly method. Created with BioRender.com. BNVs: Biomimetic nanovesicles, EVs: Extracellular vesicles, ANVs: Artificial nanovesicles, ApoEVs: Apoptotic extracellular vesicles, CNVs: Cell nanovesicles, CMNVs: Cell membrane nanovesicles, PVs: Polymeric vesicles, MVBs: Multivesicular bodies

Article Snippet: Exosome-functionalized decellularized fish scale (DE-FS) scaffolds with osteogenic BMSC-derived exosomes promote the regeneration of cranial bone defects.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Clinical Proteomics, Membrane, Sonication, Solvent, Polymer, Evaporation

Journal: Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Article Title: BMSC-derived exosomes facilitate osteogenesis and ameliorate ageing-related bone loss through restoring Th17/Treg homeostasis via the miR-21/Skp2/FoxO1 axis

doi: 10.1186/s13287-026-04927-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: BMSC-exosomes facilitate osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and ameliorate age-related bone loss in SAMP6 cells. A ALP staining of MC3T3-E1 cells treated with PBS or BMSC-exosomes; B mRNA levels of osteogenesis-related markers in PBS- or BMSC-exosome-treated MC3T3-E1 cells, as determined by qRT‒PCR analysis. C representative micro-CT images of femurs from SAMR1 mice, SAMP6 mice, and PBS- or BMSC-exosome-treated SAMP6 mice; D – G quantitative analysis of bone parameters; H representative H&E-stained femoral sections from SAMR1 mice, SAMP6 mice, and PBS- or BMSC-exosome-treated SAMP6 mice across different groups. n = 6 per group for mice, n = 3 per group for cells; the data are expressed as the means ± SDs; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: MC3T3-E1 cells were randomly divided into the following groups: (1) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with PBS; (2) MC3T3-E1 cells with BMSC-exosome treatment; (3) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from NC inhibitor-transfected BMSCs; (4) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs; (5) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs and DMSO; (6) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs and SKPin C1 (50 μM, S8652, Selleck, China); (7) pcDNA3 vector-transfected MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs; and (8) pcDNA3-FoxO1-transfected MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs.

Techniques: Staining, Micro-CT

Journal: Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Article Title: BMSC-derived exosomes facilitate osteogenesis and ameliorate ageing-related bone loss through restoring Th17/Treg homeostasis via the miR-21/Skp2/FoxO1 axis

doi: 10.1186/s13287-026-04927-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: BMSC-derived exosomal miR-21-5p promotes Treg differentiation in CD4(+) T cells. A The purity of naïve CD4(+) T cells was determined using MACS. B Th17 and Treg subsets from BMSC-exosome-treated naïve CD4(+) T cells were detected by flow cytometry. C Th17 and Treg subsets from naïve CD4(+) T cells treated with exosomes derived from BMSCs transfected with either the NC inhibitor or the miR-21-5p inhibitor were detected by flow cytometry. n = 3 per group; Data are expressed as the means ± SDs; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: MC3T3-E1 cells were randomly divided into the following groups: (1) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with PBS; (2) MC3T3-E1 cells with BMSC-exosome treatment; (3) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from NC inhibitor-transfected BMSCs; (4) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs; (5) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs and DMSO; (6) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs and SKPin C1 (50 μM, S8652, Selleck, China); (7) pcDNA3 vector-transfected MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs; and (8) pcDNA3-FoxO1-transfected MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs.

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Flow Cytometry, Transfection

Journal: Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Article Title: BMSC-derived exosomes facilitate osteogenesis and ameliorate ageing-related bone loss through restoring Th17/Treg homeostasis via the miR-21/Skp2/FoxO1 axis

doi: 10.1186/s13287-026-04927-4

Figure Lengend Snippet: BMSC exosomal miR-21-5p directly targets SKP2. A Predicted binding site of miR-21-5p within the 3′UTR of SKP2 mRNA using TargetScan; luciferase activity assays validating the direct interaction between miR-21-5p and SKP2. Western blot analysis of SKP2 expression in B MC3T3-E1 cells treated with PBS or BMSC-derived exosomes; C femoral tissue from SAMR1, SAMP6, and PBS- or BMSC-exosome-treated SAMP6 mice; D MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from cells transfected with the NC inhibitor or miR-21-5p inhibitor; E femoral tissue from SAMP6 mice treated with exosomes derived from NC inhibitor- or miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs. F SKP2 protein levels in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs in combination with DMSO or SKPin C1. G ALP staining of MC3T3-E1 cells under the same treatment conditions. H protein expression levels of osteogenic markers in MC3T3-E1 cells following the indicated treatments. n = 6 per group for mice, n = 3 per group for cells; the data are expressed as the means ± SDs; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: MC3T3-E1 cells were randomly divided into the following groups: (1) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with PBS; (2) MC3T3-E1 cells with BMSC-exosome treatment; (3) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from NC inhibitor-transfected BMSCs; (4) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs; (5) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs and DMSO; (6) MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs and SKPin C1 (50 μM, S8652, Selleck, China); (7) pcDNA3 vector-transfected MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs; and (8) pcDNA3-FoxO1-transfected MC3T3-E1 cells treated with exosomes derived from miR-21-5p inhibitor-transfected BMSCs.

Techniques: Binding Assay, Luciferase, Activity Assay, Western Blot, Expressing, Derivative Assay, Transfection, Staining

Journal: Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Article Title: Hypoxia-conditioned BMSC exosomes improve short-term spinal cord injury outcomes via the miR-615-3p/PDE4C-mediated cAMP/PKA pathway

doi: 10.1186/s13287-026-04895-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of Hypoxia Treatment on BMSC Exosome Characteristics and miR-615-3p Expression. A . Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of BMSC-derived exosomes from normoxic (left) and hypoxic (right) conditions, showing the characteristic cup-shaped morphology. Scale bar, 100 nm. B . Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) showing the size distribution profile of exosomes isolated from hypoxic BMSCs. The x-axis represents particle size (nm), and the y-axis represents concentration (particles/mL). The peak particle size is indicated. C . Western blot analysis of exosomal markers CD63 and CD9, and the negative marker calnexin, in exosomes derived from normoxic (N) and hypoxic (H) BMSCs. D . Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of miR-615-3p expression in exosomes derived from normoxic (Normoxia-Exo) and hypoxic (Hypoxia-Exo) BMSCs, and in BMSCs cultured under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Data are presented as mean ± SD with individual data points overlaid ( n = 3 independent biological experiments; each point represents one experiment). ** p < 0.01 vs. Normoxia-Exo group; *** p < 0.001 vs. Normoxia group (Student’s t-test). The y-axis represents relative expression normalized to U6 snRNA. E . Confocal microscopy images showing the uptake of PKH67 (green)-labeled hypoxic BMSC-derived exosomes by spinal neurons (nuclei stained with DAPI in blue). Scale bar, 20 μm

Article Snippet: Fig. 1 Effect of Hypoxia Treatment on BMSC Exosome Characteristics and miR-615-3p Expression.

Techniques: Expressing, Transmission Assay, Electron Microscopy, Derivative Assay, Isolation, Concentration Assay, Western Blot, Marker, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Cell Culture, Confocal Microscopy, Labeling, Staining

Journal: Stem Cell Research & Therapy

Article Title: Hypoxia-conditioned BMSC exosomes improve short-term spinal cord injury outcomes via the miR-615-3p/PDE4C-mediated cAMP/PKA pathway

doi: 10.1186/s13287-026-04895-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Regulation of miR-615-3p Expression and Exosome Characteristics Verification. A qPCR analysis of miR-615-3p expression in BMSCs following transfection with miR-615-3p mimic or inhibitor. Data are presented as mean ± SD with individual data points overlaid ( n = 3 independent biological experiments; each point represents one experiment). The y-axis represents relative expression. *** P < 0.001 vs. NC (Negative Control) group (One-way ANOVA). B . Western blot analysis of exosomal markers (CD63, CD9) and calnexin in exosomes from different treatment groups. C . Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) showing the size distribution profile of exosomes. The x-axis represents particle size (nm), and the y-axis represents concentration (particles/mL). D . Representative TEM images of exosomes from each group, verifying the reliability of the exosome extraction method. Scale bar, 100 nm. E . qPCR detection of miR-615-3p expression in BMSC-derived exosomes after hypoxia induction and miR-615-3p mimic/inhibitor transfection. Data are presented as mean ± SD with individual data points overlaid ( n = 3 independent biological experiments; each point represents one experiment). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 (One-way ANOVA)

Article Snippet: Fig. 1 Effect of Hypoxia Treatment on BMSC Exosome Characteristics and miR-615-3p Expression.

Techniques: Expressing, Transfection, Negative Control, Western Blot, Concentration Assay, Extraction, Derivative Assay